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Integrated Pest Management in Southern Pine Forests

R.C. Thatcher - Program Manager, Integrated Pest Management RD&A Program for Bark Beetles of Southern Pines, Pineville, LA.,
G.N. Mason - Project Leader, Silvicultural Options for Gypsy Moth, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Morgantown, WV, and
G.D. Hertel - Program Manager for Gypsy Moth Research, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA.
Mason and Hertel were Research Coordinator and Applications Coordinator for the IPM Program when this work was conducted.

Integrated Pest Management Handbook, USDA, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 650, April 1986.

In 1980, the Forest Service and the Cooperative State Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture initiated the Integrated Pest Management Research, Development, and Applications Program for Bark Beetles of Southern Pines. This research/applications effort concentrates on pine bark beetles and associated tree diseases in the South. This is one in a series of Integrated Pest Management handbooks.

Literature Cited

Alexander, S.A. Estimating the severity of annosus root rot in loblolly pine stands using the annosus root sampling procedure. For. Bul R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2p. [In press].

Alexander, S.A.; Hokans, R.H.; Fanelli, E.S.; Kurdyla, T.M. Methods for estimating annosus root rot in loblolly pine stands. In: Branham.S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 56-58.

Anderson, R.L.; Hoffard, W.H. IPM decision key. For. Bull. R8/FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Anderson, R.L.; Mistretta, P.A. Management strategies for reducing losses caused by fusiform rust, annosus root rot, and littleleaf disease. Agric. handb. 597. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1982. 30 p.

Belanger, R.P.; Miller, T.; Godbee, J.F. Fusiform rust: guidelines for selective cutting of rust-infected trees in merchantable slash pine plantations. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Departmetn of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 254-257.

Belanger, R.P.; Hedden, R.L.; Tainter, F.H. Managing Piedmont forests to reduce losses from the littleleaf--southern pine beetle complex. Agric. Handb. 649. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1986.___p. [In press].

Belanger, R.P.; Malac, B.F. Silviculture can reduce losses from the southern pine beetle. Agric. Handb. 576. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1980. 17p.

Billings, R.F. TFS SPOT GROWTH. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985a. 2p. [In press].

Billings, R.F. SPB control priority. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region 1985b. 2p. [In press].

Billings, R.F. TFS GRID HAZARD. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region 1985c. 2p. [In press].

Billings, R.F.; Bryant, C.M.; Wilson, K.H. Development, implementation and validation of a large area hazard- and risk-rating system for southern pine beetle. In: Branham, S.J; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 226-232.

Billings, R.F.; Doggett, C. An aerial observer's guide for recognizing and reporting southern pine beetle spots. Agric. Handb. 560. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1980. 19 p.

Billings, R.F.; Hynum, B.G. Southern pine beetle--guide for predicting timber losses from expanding spots in East Texas. Circ. 249. College Station, TX: Texas Forest Service; 1980. 2 p.

Billings, R.F.; Pase, H.A., III. A field guide for ground checking southern pine beetle spots. Agric. Handb. 558. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1979. 19 p.

Billings, R.F.; Ward, J.G.D. How to conduct a southern pine beetle aerial detection survey. Circ. 267. College Station, TX: Texas Forest Service; 1984. 19 p.

Coulson, R.N. SPB decision support system. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Coulson, R.N.; Pulley, P.E.; Foltz, J.L.; Martin, W.C. Procedural guide for quantitatively sampling within-tree populations of Dendroctonus frontalis. Misc. Pub. 1267. College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University; 1976. 26 p.

Fatzinger, C.W. Turpentine-baited traps capture black turpentine beetles and other forest Coleoptera but do not prevent attacks on pines. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985a: 26-33.

Fatzinger, C.W. Attraction of the black turpentine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and other species of forest Coleoptera to traps baited with turpentine. Environmental Entomology___: __-__. 1985b. [In press].

Feldman, R.M.; Wagner, T.L.; Curry, G.L.; Coulson, R.N.; Sharpe, P.J.H. A methodology for biophysical modeling using TAMBEETLE as an example. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 195-201.

Foltz, J.L.; Corneil, J.A.; Reich, R.M. Procedures for sampling six-spined Ips populations in slash pine. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C.; eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 6-13.

Foltz, J.L.; Pulley, P.E.; Coulson, R.N.; Martin, W.C. Procedural guide for estimating within-spot populations of Dendroctonus frontalis. Misc. Publ. 1316. College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station; 1977. 27 p.

Hain, F.P.; Cook, S.P.; Matson, P.A.; Wilson, K.G. Factors contributing to southern pine beetle host resistance. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 154-160.

Ham, D.L. Salvage removal, a method for controlling southern pine beetle infestations. For. Leafl. No. 6. Clemson, SC: Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service; 1983a. 6 p.

Ham, D.L. Cut-and-leave, a method for controlling southern pine beetle infestaions. For. Leafl. No. 7. Clemson, SC; Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service; 1983b. 6 p.

Harms, W.R. Applying silvics to stand management--some guiding concepts. In: Symposium on the loblolly pine ecosystem (east region), proceedings; 1982 December 8-10; Raleigh, NC. Raleigh: North Carolina State University; 1983: 25-35.

Hastings, F.L.; Coster, J.E. Field and laboratory evaluations of insecticides for southern pine beetle control. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-21. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1981. 40 p.

Hedden, R.L. CLEMBEETLE. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985a. 2p.

Hedden, R.L. Simulation of southern pine beetle associated timber loss using CLEMBEETLE. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985b: 288-291.

Hedden, R.L. Piedmont risk. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985c. 2 p. [In press].

Hedden, R.L. Mountain risk. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985d. 2 p. [In press].

Hertel, G.D.; Branham, S.J.; Swain, K.M., Sr., eds. Technology transfer in integrated forest pest management in the South. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-34. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1985. 83 p.

Hertel, G.D.; Mason, G.N.; Cade, S.C.; Kucera, R.C. Strategies for reducing insect and disease losses. In: Karr, B.L.; Baker, J.B.; Monaghan, T., eds. Proceedings, symposium on the loblolly pine ecosystem (west region); 1984 March 20-22; Jackson, MS. Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service, Mississippi State University; 1984: 217-231.

Hodges, J.D.; Nebeker, T.E.; DeAngelis, J.D.; Blanche, C.A. Host-beetle interactions: influence of associated microorganisms, tree disturbance,and host vigor. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C, eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 161-168.

Hokans, R.H.; Alexander, S.A. GY-ANNOSUS. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Hokans, R.H.; Fanelli, E.S.; Alexander, S.A. Growth following thinning model for loblolly pine plantations infected by annosus root rot. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 59-61.

Levi, M.P. A guide for using beetle-killed southern pine based on tree appearance. Agric. Handb. 572. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1981. 19 p.

Mason, G.N. Texas southern pine beetle hazard-rating guide. Nacogdoches, TX: Stephen F. Austin State University, School of Forestry; 1980.

Mason, G.N.; Lorio, P.L., Jr.; Belanger, R.P.; Nettleton, W.A. Rating the susceptibility of stands to southern pine beetle attack. Agric. Handb. 645. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1985. 31 p.

Micheals, P.J. Climate and the southern pine beetle in Atlantic Coastal and Piedmont regions. Forest Science. 30: 143-156; 1984

Michaels, P.J.; Sappington, D.E.; Stenger, P.J. Objective prediction of climate-related changes in the distribution of southern pine beetles. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. new Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Statio; 1985: 41-52.

Miller, T.; Belanger, R.P.; Webb, R.S.; Godbee, J.F. Pest assessment after sanitation-salvage cutting in fusiform rust-infected slash pine plantations. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 258-262.

Nance, W.L.; Shoulders, E.; Dell, T.R. Predicting survival and yield of unthinned slash and loblolly pine plantations with different levels of fusiform rust. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceeding, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 62-72.

Nance, W.L.; Shoulders, E. FUSIFORM RUST YIELD-SLASH. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Nebeker, T.E. MS HAZARD B. For. Bull. R8-FB/P__. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Nebeker, T.E.; Hodges, J.D. Thinning and harvesting practices to minimize site and stand disturbance and susceptibility to bark beetle and disease attack. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 263-271.

Nebeker, T.E.; Hodges, J.D.; Karr, B.L.; Moehring, D.M. Thinning practices in southern pines--with pest management recommendations. Tech. Bull. 1703. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1985. 36 p.

Nord, J.D.; Jones, A.S.; Hastings, F.L. Field tests of insecticides for control of black turpentine beetle. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 272-280.

Oak, S.W. Adaption of littleleaf disease hazard rating for use in forest management in South Carolina National Forests. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 246-253.

Patterson, D.W. SAMTAM: sawmill analysis model for green and beetle-killed southern pine timber. For. Bull. R8-FB/P 14. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Patterson, D.W. SAMTAM: A guide to sawmill profitability for green and beetle-killed timber. Agric. Handb. 648. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1986. __ p. [In press].

Payne, T.L.; Kudon, L.H.; Berisford, C.W.; O'Donnell, B.F.; Walsh, D.K. Effects of frontalure in suppressing southern pine beetle spot growth under endemic and epidemic population levels. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 281-287.

Redmond, C.H. Borax for annosus prevention. R8-FB/P __. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Saunders, M.C. TAMBEETLE. For. Bull. R8-FB/P __. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Stephens, F.M. Arkansas SPB. For. Bull. R8-FB/P __. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Stephen, F.M.; Lih, M. A Dendroctonus frontalis infestation growth model: organization, refinement and utilization. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 186-194.

Swain, K.M., Sr.; Remion, M.C. Direct control methods for the southern pine beetle. Agric. Handb. 575. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1981. 15 p.

Tainter, F.H.; Oak, S.W. LITTLE LEAF PREDICT. R8-FB/P __. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1985. 2 p. [In press].

Taylor, J.W., Jr. Chemical control. For. Bull. R8-FB/P5. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1984 (revised). 2 p.

Texas Forest Service. Cut-and-leave, a method to reduce losses from the southern pine beetle. Circ. 223. College Station, TX: Texas Forest Service; 1985a (revised). 6 p.

Texas Forest Service. Salvage, a recommendation method to reduce losses from the southern pine beetle. Circ. 225. College Station, TX: Texas Forest Service; 1985b (revised). 6 p.

Thompson, W.A. SPB MICROBEETLES: A simulation system for evaluating economic performance of management alternatives for stand attacked by southern pine beetle. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 292-299.

Turnbow, R.H., Jr.; Hu, L.C.; Rykiel, E.J.; Coulson, R.N,; Loh, D. Procedural guide for FERRET, the question analysis routine of the decision support system for southern pine beetle management. MP-1533. College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station; 1983. 21 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Cut-and-leave. For. Bull. SA-FB/P34. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry; 1981a. 2 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Salvage removal. For. Bull. SA-FB/P33. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry; 1981b. 2 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Insecticides for the southern pine beetle. For. Bull. R8-FB/P3. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1984a (revised). 2 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Pile-and-burn. For. Bull. R8-FB/P11. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region; 1984b (revised). 2 p.

Vasievich, J.M.; Thompson, W.A. I-T-E-M-S: an integrated method to project southern pine stand development. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 300-327.

Ward, J.D.; Dull, C.W.; Ryan, G.W.; Remion, M.C. Estimating southern pine beetle-caused timber losses over extensive areas. In: Branham, S.J.; Thatcher, R.C., eds. Proceedings, integrated pest management research symposium; 1985 April 15-18; Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-56. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1985: 34-40.

Waters, W.E.; Stark, R.W. Forest pest management: concept and reality. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 25: 479-509; 1980.

Woodson, G. Utilization of beetle-killed southern pine. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-47. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; 1985. 27 p.

This publication reports research with pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife--if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.

The mention of products and companies by name does not constitute endorsement by the USDA, not does it imply approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.

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