The Southern Pine Beetle
Appendix
Table 1. — Beetle- and host tree-associated compounds found to affect southern pine beetle behavior.
| Compound | Reference | Source | Behavioral Effect | Method of Investigation |
| Frontalin (racemic)(+)(-) |
1, 2 | A, B, C, D | Attractant (1, 14, 15) | Field & laboratory bioassay |
| Endo-brevicomin | 3, 4 | A, C, D | Inhibitor (14, 16, 17) | Field & laboratory bioassay |
| Trans-verbenol | 5, 2 | A, B, C, D | Synergist | Field & laboratory bioassay |
| Cis-verbenol (racemic)(R)(S) |
6, 2 | B, C, D | ||
| Verbenone | 5, 2 | A, B, C, D | Multifuntion Inhibitor/Synergist (14, 15, 17, 18) |
Field & laboratory bioassay |
| Alpha-pinene | 7, 2 | C, D | Synergist (1, 7, 14, 15) | Field & laboratory bioassay |
| Myrcene | 2 | C, D | Attractant (19) | Laboratory bioassay |
| Myrtenol | 8, 9 | A, B, C, D | Synergist (20) | Laboratory bioassay |
| Cis-myrtanol | 2 | B, D, C | ||
| Isoamyl acetate | 10 | E | Synergist (10) | Laboratory bioassay |
| Isoamyl alcohol | 10, 11 | E, F | Synergist (10) | Laboratory bioassay |
| 2-phenylethanol | 10 | E | Synergist (10) | Laboratory bioassay |
| 2-phenylethyl acetate | 10, 11 | E | Synergist (10) | Laboratory bioassay |
| 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one |
11 | F | ||
| 4-methyl-2-pentanol | 9 | A, B | ||
| 6-hydroxycamphene | 12, 2 | A, B, C, D | ||
| Pinocarvone | 9, 2 | A, B, C, D | ||
| Trans-pinocarveol | 9, 2 | A, B, C, D | ||
| Myrtenal | 9, 2 | A, B, C, D | ||
| Acetophenone | 2 | A, C, D | ||
| Chrysanthenone | 2 | A, C, D | ||
| 4-Allylanisole | 2 | C, D | ||
| Cis-3-pinen-2-ol | 13 | B | ||
| 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen- l-ol (seudenol) |
13 | A, B | ||
| 1-methyl-2-cyclohexen- l-ol |
13 | A, B | ||
| 1-cyclohexenemethanol | 13 | A, B | ||
| 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) | 13 | A, B | ||
| 2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol | 13 | A, B |
| References | Sources | |
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Table 2. — Arthropod predators in the southern pine beetle (References indicated in bold type specify predatory role with the SPB. Others recorded only as predators of bark beetles or predators under bark. Unconfirmed predatory roles indicated by [?].) Reference designated by ( ).
| Hemiptera | ||
| Anthocoridae | ||
| Lyctoris campestris (Fab.) (6) | ||
| Lyctoris elongatus (Reuter) (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) | ||
| Scoloposcelis flavicornis (Reuter) (2)(9) | ||
| Scoloposcelis mississippensis Drake & Harris (1)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8) | ||
| Aradidae | ||
| Aradus cinnamomeus (Panzer) (8) | ||
| Pentatomidae | ||
| Diolcus chryssorhoesus (Fab.)(8) | ||
| Coleoptera | ||
| Carabidae | ||
| Apristus subsulcatus (Dejean) (6) | ||
| Dromius piceus Dejean (6) | ||
| Pinacodera limbata Dejean (3) | ||
| Pinacodera platicollis (Say) (6) | ||
| Stenolophus lineola (3?) | ||
| Tachyta pavicornis Notman (3) | ||
| Histeridae | ||
| Abraeus sp. (3) | ||
| Cylistix attenuata Lec. (3)(7) | ||
| Cylistix cylindrica (Payk.) (1)(3)(5)(6)(7) | ||
| Epierus pulicarius Erichson (7) | ||
| Hister sp. (3) | ||
| Platysome parallelum Say (3)(5)(7) | ||
| Plegaderus pusillus Lec. (7) | ||
| Plegaderus transversus Say (7) | ||
| Plegaderus sp. (2 spp.?) (5)(6) | ||
| Staphylinidae | ||
| Aleocharinae (3) | ||
| Leptacinus paurumpunctatus (Gyll.) (3?)(6) | ||
| Nacaeus tenellus Erichson (3?) | ||
| Pseudolispinodes tenellus Erichson (7) | ||
| Silusa sp. (6) | ||
| sp. (undetermined) (4 spp.?)(3)(7) | ||
| Orthoperidae | ||
| Molamba sp. (3) | ||
| Sacium sp. (7?) | ||
| Trogositidae | ||
| Corticotomus parallelus Melsh. (3) | ||
| Temnochila virescens (Fab.) (1)(2)(3)(6)(7)(8)(9) | ||
| Tenebroides collaris (Sturm) (1)(2)(3)(7)(8)(9) | ||
| Tenebroides marginatus (P. de B.) (3)(7) | ||
| Tenebroides nanus (Melsh.) (3) | ||
| Tenebroides sp. (6) | ||
| Cleridae | ||
| Cregya oculata (Say) (3?) | ||
| Cymatodera undulata (Say) (3) | ||
| Enoclerus quadriguttatus Oliv. (2)(9) | ||
| Phyllobaenus pallipennis Dejean (3?) | ||
| Priocera castanea (Newm.) (2)(3)(9) | ||
| Thanasimus dubius (Fab.) (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) | ||
| Tillus collaris Spin. (3?) | ||
| Elateridae | ||
| Anchasius signaticollis (Germ.) (3) | ||
| Athous sp. (3) | ||
| Elateridae sp. (9) | ||
| Glyphonyx sp. (3) | ||
| Lacon impressicollis (Say)(3)(8) | ||
| Melanotus sp. (2 spp.?)(3)(8) | ||
| sp. (undetermined) (3) | ||
| Eucnemidae | ||
| Dirhagus triangularis (Say) (3) | ||
| Dirhagus sp. (3) | ||
| Throscidae | ||
| Trixagus sp. (3) | ||
| Cucujidae | ||
| Ahasverus advena (Waltl) (8) | ||
| Carthartosilvanus imbellis (Lec.) (3) | ||
| Nausibus clavicornis (Kug.) (3) | ||
| Silvanus bidentatus (Fab.) (7?) | ||
| Silvanus muticus Sharp (3) | ||
| sp. (unidentified)(2 spp.?) (3) | ||
| Colydiidae | ||
| Aulonium ferrugineum Zimm. (3)(5)(6)(7?) | ||
| Aulonium tuberculatum Lec. (3)(5)(6) | ||
| Colydium lineola Say (3?) | ||
| Colydium nigripenne Lec. (3) | ||
| Lasconotus pusillus Lec. (3)(6) | ||
| Lasconotus referendarius Zimm. (3)(7) | ||
| Pycnomerus sulcicollis Lec. (3) | ||
| Cerylonidae | ||
| Cerylon castaneum Say (3) | ||
| Mordellidae | ||
| sp. (unidentified) (2 spp.?)(3?) | ||
| Tenebrionidae | ||
| Corticeus glaber (Lec.) (3)(7) | ||
| Corticeus parallelus Melsh. (7)(9 as Hypophloeus parallelus) | ||
| Corticeus sp. (2 spp.?) (5)(6) | ||
| Coccinelidae | ||
| Nephus bioculatus Mulsant (8) | ||
| Melyridae | ||
| Melyrodes cribratus Lec. (7) | ||
| Rhizophagidae | ||
| Rhizophagus sp. (7) | ||
| Diptera | ||
| Stratiomyidae | ||
| Zabrachia sp. (3) | ||
| Empidae | ||
| Euhybus sp. near gentivus Melander (undescribed) (3) | ||
| Syndas polita (Loew)(3) | ||
| Dolichopodidae | ||
| Medetera bistriata Parent (1)(5)(7)(recorded as parasite in 6) | ||
| Medetera maura Wheeler (8) | ||
| Medetera sp. (2 spp.?) (2)(recorded as parasite in 6) | ||
| Phoridae | ||
| Dorniphora sp. (3?) | ||
| Lonchaeidae | ||
| Lonchaea auranticornis McAlpine (7?) | ||
| Lonchaea polita Say (7?) | ||
| Lonchaea sp. (3) | ||
| Hymenoptera | ||
| Formicidae | ||
| Camponotus clarus Mayr (7) | ||
| Camponotus nearcticus Emery (7) | ||
| Camponotus sayi Emery (3) | ||
| Crematogaster ashmeadi Mayr (3)(7) | ||
| Crematogaster sp. (3) | ||
| Cryptopone gilva (Roger) (3) | ||
| Dorymyrmex pyramicus (Roger) (7) | ||
| Hypoponera opacior (Forel) (3) | ||
| Leptothorax schaumi Roger (7) | ||
| Monomorium minimum (Buckley) (7) | ||
| Paratrechina parvula (Mayr) (7) | ||
| Pheidole metallescens metallescens Emery (7) | ||
| Pheidole sp. (3) | ||
| Proceratium croceum (Roger) (3) | ||
| Solenopsis picta Emery (3) | ||
| Solenopsis sp. (7) | ||
| Sp. (undetermined) (6) | ||
References for Table 2
- Coulson, R.N., T.L. Payne, J.E. Coster, and M.W. Houseweart, 1972. The southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 1961-1971. Tex. For. Serv., Pub. 108. College Station, Tex.
- Dixon, J.C., and E.A. Osgood. 1961. Southern pine beetle: a review of present knowledge. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Res. Pap. SE-128. Southeast For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C.
- Dixon, W.N., and T.L. Payne. 1979. Sequence of arrival and spatial distribution of entomophagous and associated insects on southern pine beetle-infested trees. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn., MP-1432. College Station, Tex.
- Lenhard, G.J., and R.A. Goyer. 1979. The relative abundance and seasonal distribution of the major predators of the southern pine beetle in loblolly pine. [Unpublished ms.]
- Moore, G.E. 1972. Southern pine beetle mortality in North Carolina caused by parasites and predators. Environ. Entomol. 1:58-65.
- Moser, J.C., R.C. Thatcher, and L.S. Pickard. 1971. Relative abundance of southern pine beetle associates in east Texas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:72-77.
- Overgaard, N.A. 1968. Insects associated with the southern pine beetle in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. J. Econ. Entomol. 61:1197-1201.
- Thatcher, R.C. 1960. Bark beetles affecting southern pines: a review of current knowledge. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., South. For. Exp. Stn., Occas. Pap. 180. [Discontinued South. Stn. series.]
Table 3. — Arthropod parasitoids of the southern pine beetle (References indicated in bold type specify parasitic role with the SPB. Others recorded only as parasitoids of bark beetles. Unconfirmed parasitic roles indicated by [?].) References designated by ( ).
| Hymenoptera | ||
| Braconidae | ||
| Atanycolus comosifrons Shenefelt (6)(7?) | ||
| Atanycolus ulmicola (Vier.) (3?) | ||
| Cenocoelius nigrisoma (Rohwer) (1)(3)(7) | ||
| Cenocoelius sp. (6) | ||
| Coeloides pissodis (Ashm.) (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(9) | ||
| Compyloneurus movoritus (Cress.) (2)(9) | ||
| Dendrosoter sulcatus Mues. (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(9) | ||
| Doryctes sp. (1)(2)(3)(7)(9) | ||
| Heterospilus sp. (6) | ||
| Meteorus hypophloei Cushman (6) | ||
| Spathius canadensis Ashm. (1)(2)(9) | ||
| Spathius pallidus Ashm. (1)(3)(4)(6)(7)(9) | ||
| Vipio rugator (Say) (1) | ||
| Ichneumondiae | ||
| Cremastus sp. (6) | ||
| sp. (undetermined) (3) | ||
| Eupelmidae | ||
| Arachnophaga sp. (3) | ||
| Eupelmus cyaniceps cyaniceps (Ashm.)(7) | ||
| Lutnes sp. (3)(7?) | ||
| Torymidae | ||
| Liodontomerus sp. (1) | ||
| Lochites sp. (2)(9) | ||
| Roptrocerus eccoptogastri (Ratz.)(1)(2)(3)(8)(9) | ||
| Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratz. (1)(4)(6)(7)(8) | ||
| Roptrocerus sp. (6) | ||
| Pteromalidae | ||
| Dinotiscus (=Cecidostiba) dendroctoni (Ashm.)(1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(9) | ||
| Heydenia unica Cook & Davis (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7) | ||
| Rhopalicus pulchripennis (Crawford) (3)(7) | ||
| Eurytomidae | ||
| Eurytoma cleri (Ashm.)(6) | ||
| Eurytoma tomici Ashm. (1)(7) | ||
| Eurytoma sp. (3) | ||
| Scelionidae | ||
| Gyron sp. (8) | ||
| Idris sp. (8) | ||
| Leptoteleia sp. (6) | ||
| Probaryconus heidemanni Ashm. (8) | ||
| Telenonus podisi Ashm. (8) | ||
| Bethylidae | ||
| Parasierola sp. (3) | ||
References for Table 3
- Coulson, R.N., T.L. Payne, J.E. Coster, and M.W. Houseweart. 1972. The southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 1961-1971. Tex. For. Serv., Pub. 108. College Station, Tex.
- Dixon, J.C. and E.A. Osgood. 1961. Southern pine beetle: a review of present knowledge. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Res. Pap. SE-128. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C.
- Dixon, W.N., and T.L. Payne. 1979. Sequence of arrival and spatial distribution of entomophagous and associated insects on southern pine beetle-infested trees. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn., MP-1432. College Station, Tex.
- Goyer, R.A., and C.K. Finger. 1980. The relative abundance and seasonal distribution of the major hymenopterous parasites of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, on loblolly pine. Environ. Entomol. 9:97-100.
- Lenhard, G.J., and R.A. Goyer. 1979. The relative abundance and seasonal distribution of the major predators of the southern pine beetle in loblolly pine. [Unpublished ms.]
- Moore, G.E. 1972. Southern pine beetle mortality in North Carolina caused by parasites and predators. Environ. Entomol. 1:58-65.
- Moser, J.C., R.C. Thatcher, and L.S. Pickard. 1971. Relative abundance of southern pine beetle associates in east Texas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:72-77.
- Overgaard, N.A. 1968. Insects associated with the southern pine beetle in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. J. Econ. Entomol. 61:1197-1201.
- Thatcher, R.C. 1960. Bark beetles affecting southern pines: a review of current knowledge. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., South. For. Exp. Stn., Occas. Pap. 180. [Discontinued South. Stn. series.]
Table 4. — Key to the final instar larvae of the major parasites of the southern pine beetle. (From Finger and Goyer 1978).
| 1 | Body covered with many microspines; head with many sclerites; spiracles on segments 1 and 4-11 | 2 |
| 1´ | Body with some setae but without microspines; head with few if any sclerites; spiracles on segments 2-10 | 4 |
| 2 | Labial sclerite very thick and rounded, often with slight projection on ventral surface and flat on dorsal surface between arms; silk orifice on wide oval sclerite | Dendrosoter sulcatus (figs. 1B, 2B, 3B) |
| 2´ | Labial sclerite not as above | 3 |
| 3 | Thickness of ventral part of labial sclerite about 2 times as wide as where dorsal arms start; area inside labial sclerite more circular than ovoid; silk orifice forming a straight line (figs. 1A, 2A, 3A) | Coeloides pissodis |
| 3´ | Thickness of ventral part of labial sclerite at least 3 times as thick as where arms start; area inside labial sclerite more ovoid; silk orifice often with slight "V" in middle (figs. 1C, 2C, 3C) | Spathius pallidus |
| 4 | Head with very long setae; stalk of spiracle with over 20 chambers (figs. 1D, 2E, 3D). | Heydenia unica |
| 4´ | Head with short setae; stalk of spiracle with less than 20 chambers. | 5 |
| 5 | Stalk of spiracle with less than 9 chambers, each decreasing in size from the atrium, forming a continuous funnel-shaped spiracle (figs. 2F, 3E). | Dinotiscus dendroctoni |
| 5´ | Stalk of spiracle with more than 9 chambers, only first 3 chambers and atrium forming enlarged club-shaped structure (fig. 2G). | Roptrocerus eccoptogastri |
Table 5. — Mites that prey on the southern pine beetle
Kleemannia sp.
Lasioseius dentatus (Fox)
Lasioseius epicriodopsis DeLeon
Lasioseius tubiculiger (Berlese)
Proctolaelaps bickleyi (Bram)
Proctolaelaps dendroctoni Lindquist and Hunter
Proctolaelaps fiseri Samsinak
Proctolaelaps hystricoides Lindquist and Hunter
Proctolaelaps hystrix (Vitzthum)
Dendrolaelaps isodentatus Hurlbutt
Dendrolaelaps neocornutus Hurlbutt
Dendrolaelaps neodisetus Hurlbutt
Dendrolaelaps rotoni Hurlbutt
Dendrolaelaps varipunctatus Hurlbutt
Androlaelaps casalis (Berlese)
Hypoaspis sp. nr. praesternalis Willman
Hypoaspis vitzthumi (Womersley)
Pseudoparasitus thatcheri Hunter and Moser
Macrocheles boudreauxi Krantz
Macrocheles mammifer Berlese
Eugamasus lyriformis McGraw and Farrier
Gamasolaelaps subcorticalis McGraw and Farrier
Cercoleipus coelonotus Kinn
Pleuronectocelaeno drymoecetes Kinn
Trichouropoda lamellose Hirschmann
Uroobovella americana Hirschmann
Histiogaster arborsignis Woodring
Histiogaster rotundus Woodring
Pyemotes parviscolyti Cross and Moser
Iponemus calligraphi calligraphi Lindquist
Iponemus confuses oriens Lindquist
Iponemus truncates eurus Lindquist
Table 6. — Key to mites commonly associated with the southern pine beetle. (From D.N. Kinn 1976.)
| 1 | Discernible without the aid of a lens; often red-brown in color; body hardened, with many shields or plates; stigmata (respiratory openings) located lateral to the bases of legs III and IV; tritosternum present; special sensory hairs not present on dorsal surface (fig. 1)…Order Parasitiformes—Suborder Mesostigmata | 2 |
| 1´ | Usually small and light in color; body without numerous plates, stigmata not located lateral to bases of legs III and IV; tritosternum absent; special sensory hairs may be present on the anterior dorsal surface (fig. 4)…Order Acariformes | 8 |
| 2 | Turtle shaped; leggs can be withdrawn into grooves (fig. 2); attached to beetle by anal pedicle…Superfamily Uropodoidea—Family Uropodiadae | 3 |
| 2´ | Not turtle shaped; leg grooves absent; attached to beetle by the mouthparts and/or leg claws…Superfamily Parasioidea | 4 |
| 3 | Anal shield with 14 hairs (fig. 2A); length about one-tenth of host’s length | Trichouropoda australis |
| 3´ | Anal shield with 10 hairs (fig. 2B); length about one-third of host’s length | Trichouropoda hirsuta |
| 4 | Large red-brown mite lacking claws on leg I; peritremes looped, joining stigmata posteriorly (fig. 1C)…Family Macrochelidae | Marocheles boudreauxi |
| 4´ | Leg I with claws; peritremes not looped; joining stigmata anteriorly (fig. 1B) | 5 |
| 5 | Dorsal shield entire; posterior end rounded (fig. 3A)…Family Ascidae | 6 |
| 5´ | Dorsal shield divided into two plates; posterior end more or less truncated (fig. 3B)…Family Digamasellidae | 7 |
| 6 | Ventral surface with four shields (sternal, genital, ventral, and anal)(fig. 1A) | Proctogastrolaelaps libris |
| 6´ | Ventral surface with three shields (sternal, genital, and anal)(fig. 1B) | Proctolaelaps dendroctoni |
| 7 | Body about two times longer than wide (fig. 3B) | Dendrolaelaps neodisetus |
| 7´ | Body about four times longer than wide (fig. 3C) | Longoseius cuniculus |
| 8 | Mouthparts functional; anal suckers absent; special sensory hairs present on anterior dorsal surface (fig. 4)…Suborder Prostigmata | 9 |
| 8´ | Mouthparts vestigial; anal suckers present; special sensory hairs not present on anterior dorsal surface (fig. 5)…Suborder Astigmata | 13 |
| 9 | Small, slow-moving mites often found under the beetle’s wing covers or around the leg bases; mouthparts indistinct; sensory hairs club-shaped; legs short in relation to body (figs 4B and 6)…Superfamily Tarsonemoidea… | 10 |
| 9´ | Fast-moving, orange-colored mite; mouthparts distinct; sensory hairs long and barbed; legs long in relation to body (fig. 4A)…Superfamily Tydeoidae—Family Ereynetidae | Ereynetoides scutulis |
| 10 | Legs IV without claws and terminating with two whiplike hairs (fig. 6)…Family Tarsonemidae | 11 |
| 10´ | Legs II-IV terminating with two claws; legs I terminate with a single large claw (fig. 4B)…Family Pyemotidae | Pygmephorus bennetti |
| 11 | Legs II and III each with two claws; claw of leg I short, stout, and straight (fig. 6A) | Heterotarsonemus lindquisti |
| 11´ | Legs II and III each with two claws; claw of leg I single, not modified (fig. 6B, 6C) | 12 |
| 12 | Cuticular thickenings anterior to bases of legs III extending laterally beyond bases of legs III; lobe between bases of legs IV not elongated (fig. 6B) | Tarsonemus krantzi |
| 12´ | Cuticular thickenings anterior to bases of legs III not extending laterally beyond bases of legs III; lobe between bases of legs IV very elongated and extending behind bases of legs IV (fig. 6C) | Tarsonemus ips |
| 13 | All legs short and stout; legs III and IV; leg III and IVoften directed backward; distal segments of legs III and IV short (fig. 5A)…Superfamily Acaroidea—Family Acaridae | Histiogaster arborsignis |
| 13´ | Legs I and II stouter than legs III and IV; legs III and IV often directed forward and have long, slender distal segments (fig. 5B, 5C)…Superfamily Anoetoidea—Family Anoetidae | 14 |
| 14 | Entire dorsal surface always ornamented; fused mouthparts project well beyond body outline; dorsal hairs short and slender (fig. 5B) | Anoetus sordida |
| 14´ | Dorsal ornamentation variable; fused mouthparts do not usually project beyond anterior edge of body; dorsal hairs long and thick (fig. 5C) | Anoetus varia |
Table 7. — Frequently encountered pathogens of southern pine beetle (total of 13,458 diseased specimens) in Mississippi and Alabama (1975-1977)
| Pathogens | % Infected |
| Bacteria | |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 1.5 |
| Serratia marcescens | .2 |
| Fungi | |
| Aspergillus flavus | .01 |
| Beauveria bassiana | .6 |
| Cephalosporium sp. | .3 |
| Entomophthora sp. | 4.0 |
| Metharhizium anisophilae | 1.5 |
| Paecilomyces viridis | 7.0 |
| Paecilomyces sp. | 7.5 |
| Yeastlike organism | 12.2 |
| Nematodes | |
| Contortylenchus bervicomi | 7.3 |
| Contortylenchus sp. | |
| Protozoa | |
| Unikarion minutum | 21.0 |
| Microsporida (unknown) | 9.2 |
| Viruses | |
| Unknown (possibly virus) | 12.42 |
Table 8. — Members of the Southern Pine Beetle Technology Transfer Task Force
| Name | Title and Organization |
| Stan Adams | Director, Office of Information, USDA—Forest Service, R-8 |
| Dick Fitzgerald | Group Leader, Silviculture, USDA—Forest Service, R-8 |
| Thad Harrington | Assistant Director, USDA—Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station |
| Jim Neal | Regional Extension Forester, Science and Education Administration, Cooperative Extension Service |
| Jim Tiner | Management Chief, Arkansas Forestry Commission |
| Harvey Toko | Staff Director, Forest Insect and Disease Management, USDA—Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Southeastern Area |
| Fred Trew | Center Leader, Westvaco Corporation |
| Zeb White | Consulting Forester and President, Zebulon White and Co., Inc. |
| Dick Williams | Management Forester, Georgia Pacific Corporation |
| Jack Coster | Chairman; Applications Coordinator, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Applications Program |
Table 9. — Members of the Southern Pine Beetle Technology Transfer Teams
Team and Membership
*Silvicultural Practices and Stand Rating Systems
- R.P. Belanger, Team Leader, SE For. Exp. Stn., Athens, GA
- H.L. Williston, S&PF, Jackson, MS
- T. Price, Ga. For. Commission, Macon, GA
- B. Malac, Union Camp Corp., Rincon, GA
- J.R. McGraw, Coop. Ext. Service, Raleigh, NC
- K.M. Swain, S&PF Atlanta, GA
- J.E. Coster, SPB Program, Pineville, LA
*Guidelines for Utilizing SPB-Killed Timber
- R.F. Westbrook, Team Leader, S&PF, Pineville, LA
- D. Weldon, Texas Forest Service, Lufkin, TX
- G. Ifju, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA
- J.L. Barrett, National Forests, R-8, Atlanta, GA
- M.P. Levi, Coop. Ext. Serv., Raleigh, NC
- B. Deless, Ga. Pac. Corp., Crossett, AR
- G.D. Hertel, SPB Program, Pineville, LA
*Socioeconomic Guidelines
- J. Lewis, Team Leader, S&PF, Atlanta GA
- G. Dutrow, SE For. Exp. Stn., Durham, NC
- M. Vasievich, SE For. Exp. Stn., Durham, NC
- Sue Harper, S&PF, Atlanta, GA
- W.A. Leuschner, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA
- B. Schick, Westvaco Corp., Rupert, WV
- R.C. Thatcher, SPB Program, Pineville, LA
*New Insecticides and Improved Spray Systems
- J.W. Taylor, Team Leader, S&PF, Atlanta, GA
- C.W. Berisford, Univ. of Ga., Athens, GA
- F.L. Hastings, S.E. For. Exp. Stn., Res. Tri. Pk., NC
- C. Fleming, National Park Serv., Beaumont, TX
- A.D. Dressen, Coop. Ext. Serv., Houston, TX
- J. Godbee, Union Camp Corp., Rincon, GA
- J.E. Coster, SPB Program, Pineville, LA
*Sampling Methods and Predictive Models
- F.M. Stephen, Team Leader, Univ. Ark., Fayetteville, AR
- R.N. Coulson, Texas A. & M., College Station, TX
- R.M. Feldman, Texas A. & M., College Station, TX
- W.A. Carothers, S&PF, Doraville, GA
- B. Hynum, Texas Forest Serv., Lufkin, TX
- G.D. Hertel, SPB Program, Pineville, LA
*Aerial Survey and Navigation Systems
- J.G.D. Ward, Team Leader, S&PF, Doraville, GA
- C. Dull, S&PF, Doraville, GA
- M. Remion, S.C. Forestry Comm., Columbia, SC
- W.H. Klein, S&PF, MAG, Davis, CA
- J. Pase, Texas Forest Serv., Lufkin, TX
- W.H. Clerke, S&PF, Atlanta, GA
- G.D. Hertel, SPB Program, Pineville, LA
*Behavioral Chemicals
- T.L. Payne, Team Leader, Texas A. & M., College Station, TX
- W. Hoffard, S&PF, Asheville, NC
- R.L. Hedden, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC
- R.F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Lufkin, TX
- J.W. Peacock, N.E. For. Exp. Stn., Delaware, OH
- J.E. Coster, SPB Program, Pineville, LA
*Integrated Mangement Strategies
- R.N. Coulson, Team Leader, Texas A. & M., College Station, TX
- Team Leaders
- Program Management
Table 10. — Program participants
Investigators
State Experiment Stations/Universities
- Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station/University of Arkansas
- Tim T. Ku
- Victor B. Shelburne
- James M. Sweeney
- Fred M. Stephen
- Hamdy A. Taha
- California Agricultural Experiment Station/University of California
- Martin C. Birch
- Pavel Svihra
- Clemson Universtiy
- Donald L. Ham
- Roy L. Hedden
- Duke University
- Gerald R. Stairs
- William A. Thompson
- Fred M. White
- Florida Agricultural Experiment Station/University of Florida
- George E. Allen
- Vernon G. Perry
- Robert C. Wilkinson
- Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station/University of Georgia
- C. Wayne Berisford
- U. Eugene Brady
- Claud L. Brown
- Jerry L. Michael
- Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station/Louisiana State Universtiy
- Richard A. Goyer
- Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station/Mississippi State Universtiy
- William W. Elam
- George Fitzpatrick
- James L. Frazier
- Ronald R. Hocking
- John D. Hodges
- Bob L. Karr
- James Laschomb
- Russell F. Mizell III
- Thomas A. Monaghan
- T. Evan Nebeker
- William W. Neel
- Richard L. Porterfield
- Peter P. Sikorowski
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Sciences & Forestry
- Gerald N. Lanier
- R. Milt Silverstein
- North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station/North Carolina State University
- Ellis B. Cowling
- Earl L. Dean
- W.L. Hafley
- Fred P. Hain
- L. Wayne Haines
- R.G. Hitchings
- D. Lester Holley
- Michael P. Levi
- Myron Kelly
- T. Edwalde Maki
- William T. McClelland
- James R. McGraw
- Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station/Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
- Sam A. Alexander
- Gregory Buhyoff
- Harold E. Burkhart
- James B. Campbell
- Richard F. Daniels
- Hermann J. Heikkenen
- Geza Ifju
- William A. Leuschner
- Stephen A. Sinclair
- John M. Skelly
- Kenard E. Smith
- Stephen F. Austin State University
- Jack E. Coster
- Ray R. Hicks, Jr.
- James E. Howard
- Paul C. Johnson
- James C. Kroll
- David Kulhavy
- George Rink
- Kenneth G. Watterston
- Texas Agricultural Experiment Station/Texas Engineering Experiment Station/Texas A. & M. University
- Kirk W. Brown
- Robert N. Coulson
- Guy L. Curry
- Don W. DeMichele
- Paul C. Doraiswamy
- Youhanna Fares
- Richard M. Feldman
- John L. Foltz
- Charles E. Magnuson
- Adil M. Mayyasi
- Thomas L. Payne
- Paul E. Pulley
- James V. Richerson
- Peter J.H. Sharpe
State Forestry Organizations
- Arkansas Forestry Commission
- Jim Northum
- Georgia Forestry Commission
- Wesley Wells
- Texas Forest Service
- Ronald F. Billings
- H.A. Pase III
- Dewayne Weldon
- Earl O. Walters
U.S. Forest Service
- Southeastern Area, State & Private Forestry
- Pat J. Barry
- William A. Carothers
- William H. Clerke
- Charles W. Dull
- John H. Ghent
- Gerard D. Hertel
- William H. Hoffard
- Joe Lewis
- Iral R. Ragenovich
- George W. Ryan
- Cathy R. Stein
- Kenneth M. Swain
- James W. Taylor
- Robert J. Uhler
- J. Denny Ward
- Southeastern Forest Experiment Station
- Helen Bhattacharyya
- Edward W. Clark
- Felton L. Hastings
- Alice S. Jones
- Gordon E. Moore
- James A. Richmond
- Hans T. Schreuder
- James F. Taylor
- H. Al Thomas
- James B. White
- Southern Forest Experiment Station
- Stanley J. Barras
- J. Robert Bridges
- Michael D. Cain
- Richard W. Hemingway
- Donald N. Kinn
- Ronald J. Kushmaul
- Peter L. Lorio, Jr.
- William H. Mann
- John C. Moser
- Robert A. Sommers
- Pacific Southwestern Forest & Range Experiment Station
- Robert Aldrich
- Carl E. Crisp
- C.J. DeMars, Jr.
Advisors/Consultants
- Technical Review Panel
- H. Bruce Boudreaux, Louisiana State University
- Darwin E. Fender, International Paper Company
- Roy L. Hedden, Weyerhaeuser Co./Clemson University
- Donald D. Hook, Clemson University
- Leon V. Pienaar, University of Georgia
- Robert L. Rabb, North Carolina State University
- Emmett F. Thompson, Mississippi State University
- Harvey V. Toko, U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Area, S & PF
- William A. Tuttle, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Region
- Zebulon W. White, Zebulon White & Company, Inc.
- David L. Wood, University of California
- Administrative Advisory Subcommittee, Southern Pine Beetle Action Council
- R. Rodney Foil, Mississippi State University
- Thad A. Harrington, Southern Forest Experiment Station
- Preston E. Hunter, University of Georgia
- Kenneth F. Jeffries, North Carolina Division of Forest Resources
- Amel E. Landgraf, U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Area, S&PF
- Robert G. Merrifield, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station/Texas A. & M. University
- Caleb L. Morris, Virginia Division of Forestry
- I. Frederick Trew, Westvaco Corporation
- Steering Committee, Southern Pine Beetle Action Council
- R. H. Allen, International Paper Company
- John C. Barber, Southern Forest Experiment Station
- William J. Barton, Union-Camp Corporation (ex officio)
- Benton H. Box, Southern Forest Institute (ex officio)
- C. Nelson Brightwell, University of Georgia
- Mrs. Robert E. Burks, The Alabama Conservancy
- Roy P. Clark, Environmental Protection Agency
- Mike D. Everett, Southern Forest Products Association
- R. Rodney Foil, Mississippi State University
- Fred C. Galle, Calloway Gardens
- J. B. Hilmon, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station
- Julian G. Hofman, Hoerner-Waldorf Corporation
- George E. Kelly, Southern Forest Products Association (ex officio)
- Mrs. Elizabeth Mason, National Council of State Garden Clubs
- Jarvis E. Miller, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
- C. William Moody, Alabama Forestry Commission
- J. Walter Myers, Jr., Forest Farmer Association (ex officio)
- Arthur W. Nelson, Champion International
- Michael C. Remion, South Carolina State Commission of Forestry
- Monroe R. Samuel, National Association of Conservation Districts
- Robert R. Scott, South Carolina Forestry Association
- Larry Thomas, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sports Fisheries & Wildlife
- Sidney Weitzman, Southeastern Area, S&PF
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