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The Southern Pine Beetle

Edited by:
Robert C. Thatcher – Program Manager, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Applications Program, USDA Forest Service, Pineville, LA,
Janet L. Searcy – Writer/Editor, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Applications Program, USDA Forest Service, Pineville, LA,
Jack E. Coster – Applications Coordinator, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Applications Program, USDA Forest Service, Pineville, LA, and
Gerard D. Hertel – Research Coordinator, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Applications Program, USDA Forest Service.


U.S. Department of Agriculture, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Applications Program, Forest Service, Science and Education Administration, Technical Bulletin 1631: [1980].


This on-line version was retyped and prepared for the Web by The Bugwood Network (http://www.bugwood.org), The University of Georgia from the hardcopy version of Technical Bulletin 1631. Funding for this project was provided by USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Region-8 as part of Federal Project No.: 01 DG11083150-600. Some of the images and figures may be slightly different than those used in the original publication. Created July 2002.

This publication reports research with pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife — if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.

The mention of products and companies by name does not constitute endorsement by the USDA, nor does it imply approval of a product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.

Table of Contents

Preface
 
Acknowledgments
 
1  Introduction
  SPB research in the South
  ESPBRAP planning, organization, and management
  Technology transfer and postprogram needs
  A word about this book
 
2  Life History and Habits
  Taxonomy
  Geographical distribution and hosts
  Life stages
  Life cycle and behavior
  Conclusion
 
3  Natural Enemies and Associated Organisms
  Arthropod enemies of SPB
  Avian predators
  Competitors
  Pathogenic organisms
  Symbiotic organisms
  Natural enemies’ impact
  Contributions of ESPBRAP research
 
4  Climatic, Site, and Stand Factors
  Climatic factors
  Site factors
  Stand factors
  Summary and conclusions
  Southwide conclusions
 
5  Population Dynamics
  SPB populations within trees, infestations, and forests
  Host’s role in SPB population dynamics
  Role of SPB in dynamics of the pine ecosystem
  Role of weather in SPB population dynamics
  Implications of SPB population dynamics in pest management decisionmaking
 
6  Sampling and Predicting Population Trends
  Surveys for monitoring beetle activity
  Sampling to estimate beetle populations and tree mortality
  Predicting population potential
  Summary
 
7  Impacts of the SPB
  Timber impacts
  Recreation impacts
  Esthetic impacts
  Hydrologic impacts
  Wildlife impacts
  Grazing impacts
  Wildfire impacts
  Summary
 
8  Rating Stands for Susceptibility to SPB
  Classification and rating of stands for risk
  Current status and future needs
 
9  Silvicultural Guidelines for Reducing Losses to the Southern Pine Beetle
  Protecting stands from the SPB
  Regional recommendations
  Discussion
 
10  Direct Control
  Current control methods
  Potential control methods evaluated
  Practical considerations and complexities of areawide control programs
  Learning to cope with SPB outbreaks
  Summary
 
11  Developing Integrated Management Strategies
  Summary of IPM research accomplishments
  Factors influencing development of SPB management systems
  Components of SPB decision support systems
  Developing SPB decision support systems
  Implementing SPB decision support systems
  Conclusion
 
12  Recommendations for Future Work
  New technology ready for validation, pilot testing, and transfer to users
  Continuing and new research needs
  How do we get this job done?
 
Literature Cited
 
Unpublished Literature Cited
 
Glossary
 
Appendix
 
 

Table 1. — Beetle- and host tree-associated compounds found to affect southern pine beetle
                  behavior
Table 2. — Arthropod predators of the southern pine beetle
Table 3. — Arthropod parasitoids of the southern pine beetle
Table 4. — Key to the final instar larvae of the major parasites of the southern pine beetle
Table 5. — Mites that prey on the southern pine beetle
Table 6. — Key to mites commonly associated with the southern pine beetle
Table 7. — Frequently encountered pathogens of southern pine beetle in Mississippi and
                  Alabama
Table 8. — Members of the Southern Pine Beetle Technology Transfer Task Force
Table 9. — Members of the Southern Pine Beetle Technology Transfer Teams
Table 10. — ESPBRAP participants

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